Stoping is the process of extracting the desired ore or other mineral from an underground mine, leaving behind an open space known as a stope. During the mining cycle, only 30 35% of the ore blasted is extracted being. Slos recovers the ore in the open stopes by drilling and blasting from different levels but ore is removed from one level at the bottom of the mine. Its characteristic feature is the use of sublevels. The method was successfully tried in 6m thick seam iii at chirimiri colliery of secl. The sublevels are worked simultaneously, the lowest on a given block being farthest advanced and the subs above following one another at short intervals. Sublevel stoping mining method black diamond drilling services australia pty ltd. The width or size of the orebody is determined by the grade as well as the distribution of the ore.
A long hole stoping system for mining narrow platinum reefs. Sublevel stoping, cut and fill mining and sublevel caving have generally replaced shrinkage mining in australia, europe and canada. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping crc press book. It is a versatile and productive method that is primarily used for large ore bodies with a steep dip, regular shape and defined ore boundaries.
In this method drifts are driven in the ore separated by a slice of ore two or three normal slices high. Meet the industry leaders who shape the future of mining across europe, middle east and africa register now. Eng mining engineering this dissertation will explore the process followed in the design of a sublevel open stope slos by using examples of actual stopes scheduled to be in production between august 2006 and february 2007. Long hole stoping as the name suggests uses holes drilled by a production drill to a predetermined pattern as designed by a mining engineer. For the same tonnage, grades are lower, while for the same grades tonnages decrease. Capsula sub level stoping mem nube minera duration. A common openstoping method is roomandpillar mining, in which pillars of ore are left standing to support the rock over a flatlying ore body. The development of coal mining from ancient times to today has experienced the artificial stage, the mechanized mining stage, and the automated mining stage. Parallel drives are developed in the ore on equally spaced levels. Wire ropes of 19 to 22mm diameter and 6 to 8m length with safe. The figure is an illustration of the method, and shows half of the vein cut away where the stoping is being done. Design of stopes with a special reference to sublevel open stopping r k sinha, iitism dhanbad the design and selection of a mining method requires a systematic approach, with the dip, size, and shape of an orebody.
Physical work is reduced and it is easier to motivate the workforce. Shrinkage stoping may be termed a classic mining method, having been perhaps the most popular mining method for mos t of the past century. Sublevel stoping is one of the most useful underground mining methods in steeply. Rock blasting in underground mining pdf free download. The method of underhand stoping in which the ore is drawn to the level above b, fig. The method is still used in a handful of nonmechanised mines in south america, africa, asia and canada. There are various critical factors that influence a safe and economic design and dimensioning of a sublevel stoping method for underground extraction of metalliferous deposit. Sublevel caving is a relatively safe mining method since the operations take place in small areas at a time and are highly mechanized. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel caving. October 15, 2017 the sublevel stoping mining method is commonly used in largescale mining. London, united kingdom the third edition of the future of mining americas conference takes in denver in october 2020. Jun 25, 2010 sublevel caving is usually carried out when mining of the orebody through an open pit method is no longer economically feasible.
When the grade is highly variable in the orebody, re coveries normally decrease on passing from a selective method of mining such as cutandfill, for instance to a nonselective method such as sublevel stoping. Ore is produced by drilling and blasting longholes, which can range from 50 mm 2 in. Rock blasting in underground mining chapter 19 375 figure 19. This paper discusses the stope parameters of the sublevel subsequent filling stage in daye iron shizishan section. Mining method, underground mining, roomandpillar mining, sublevel. Ebook geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping as pdf. Caving underground mining methods longwall, sublevel. Rf is the radius of the fragmentation region of each blasthole. The main advantages of the sequential down dip method are the very low energy release rates, which make backfilling unnecessary, and the allowance for the physical separation of rock transport from men and materials. Sublevel open stoping originated in the early 1900s in iron ore mines in michigan, usa. Understanding the principles of gravity flow is centrai to optimizing design and operating practices in sublevel cave mining. Economic comparison of drilling systems in sublevel stoping method. The enclosing waste rock must be competent and not subject to failure so that when the ore is drawn from the stope, dilution is kept to a minimum.
We use cookies to offer you a better experience, personalize content, tailor advertising, provide social media features, and better understand the use of our services. The uppermost sublevel underneath the cover is partly caved. Long hole stoping is a highly selective and productive method of mining and can cater for varying ore thicknesses and dips 0 90 degree. It was developed over the years from a method originally known as short hole bench and train mining. In addition to the block caving and sublevel method with ore and overburden rocks collapses should be considered and sublevel and open stope mining methods with backfilling the excavated area. Oct 22, 2014 sublevel stoping underground mining methods 1. If we possess exact and detailed information about the gravity flow of the blasted rock in the sublevel and if we carry out an exact planning and control especially of the drilling and loading operations, we can turn the modified sublevel caving method into an effective, cheap and above all a safe mining method. Section 10 shrinkage methods mike turner australian mining. In any discussion of methods of underground mining comparison, one is repeatedly confronted with the difficulty of dealing with so many variable conditions. Design and operational issues for increasing sublevel cave. Variations of this method include vein alimak mining, transverse stoping, avoca and longitudinal mining.
Generally a large scale open stoping method, it is often referred to as long hole or blast hole stoping. This classification has been used ever since as a basis for describing methods in its publications dealing with mining methods and costs and is as follows. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. In sublevel stoping a form of open stoping, ore chutes, manway, and starting raises must be put up and one or more drifts driven on each sublevel fig. Sch is the distance from the end of the explosive charge in one hole to another that is nearest. Evaluation and selection of recoverable reserves in a. Transportation literature infographic science technology illustrations education reading literatura.
Sublevel stoping mining methods are generally employed to extract steeply dipping tabular ore deposits characterized by relatively long strikes and having various thicknesses. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping 1st edition houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method. It is the best video for understanding how to do sublevel stoping mining method. The miners go from the haulage level up the raise into the sublevels. Jan 21, 2018 it is the best video for understanding how to do sublevel stoping mining method. Underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. The mine is currently operating at 1150ml using sublevel mining method for copper ore bodies extraction. Possibility of application of backfill methods with cementing fill for borska. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. Introduction the sublevel stoping mining method is usually applied to a relatively steeply dipping, competent ore body, surrounded by competent wall rock. Underground mining methods study guide by fransterz includes 16 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more.
One of the most important aspects of underground hard rock mining is ventilation. It is defined as a concentration of minerals that can be exploited and turned into a saleable product to generate a financially acceptable profit under existing economic conditions. To deal with ground pressures, a vshaped mining sequence is utilized. Study on sublevel open stoping with subsequent backfilling. The design examples used in this dissertation is based on the o640, l651 and n659. Geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping top results of your surfing geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping start download portable document format pdf and ebooks electronic books free online rating news 20162017 is books that can provide inspiration, insight, knowledge to. It is not an exact science and in the choice of a method each varying factor has a certain weight, which, in many cases, experience alone can determine. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method, equipment availability, and work force experience. Bureau of mines, devised largely on the basis of rock stability, is as follows. The orebody can be narrow vein such as a gold mine in the witwatersrand, the orebody can be massive similar to the olympic dam mine, south australia, or cadiaridgeway mine, new south wales. A mining method involving overhand, underhand, and shrinkage stoping. This method is really a combination of several different methods of stoping. What is sublevel stoping the ore body is divided into stopes, which are large sections with the largest dimension in the vertical direction.
This material is intended for use in lectures, presentations and as handouts to students, and is provided in power point format so as to allow customization for the individual needs of course instructors. Sublevel stoping accounts for more than 60% of all. Mining continues upwards towards the surface until the orebody is depleted. Ore is recovered from each sublevel in a planned sequence of primary and secondary stopes with delayed backfill in a manner to create a stress shadow to avoid high stress. The classification of stoping methods adopted by the u. The deposits may be tabular in form, dipping at angles steeper than the angle of repose of the broken ore or flatter, if scrapers are employed for moving the ore in the ore passes, or to wide, thick ore bodies or masses. The formulae quoted above for the approximate calculation of the parameters of sublevel caving or front caving can be applied for mining descending from foot wall to hanging or vice versa. The mining rate is greater than 20,000 tonnes per day tpd but is usually much greater. When the parameter of the room and pillar is 18m, the underground mining is safe and steady. These increased level distances are intended to reduce overall development costs when mining sublevel cave stope areas. The uniformly distributed nature of generally 5mx3. Black diamond drilling services australia database. Mining in minnesota cut and fill mining method 3d animation duration. Underground mining methods and applications production headframe hans hamrin 1.
Cutandfill stoping is applicable to the mining of firm ore enclosed within walls, one or both of which are weak and heavy. It is an overhand mining method that relies on broken ore being left in the stope to be used as the working floor and to support the walls. Open pit mining mining methods 5 open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies. Quizlet flashcards, activities and games help you improve your grades. An underground mining method used in large, steeply dipping orebodies where the wall rock is of an incompetent nature. As in sublevel stoping, vertical slices are removed by longhole drilling and blasting, but, as the slices are extracted, filling is carried. This characteristic interplay of forces can create suitable conditions for sublevel caving even at greater mining depths below ground level. Shrinkage stoping article about shrinkage stoping by the. Another advantage is the improvement in grade due to better control of dilution, as.
According to the similar material simulation technology, which is the main means, displacement monitoring and internal stress monitoring, several conclusions are summarized as bellow. The most commonly used sublevel stoping mining methods are sublevel open stoping, longhole open stoping or blasthole stoping, and vertical crater retreat vcr. The first comprehensive work on one of the most important underground mining methods worldwide, geotechnical design for sublevel open stoping presents topics according to the conventional sublevel stoping process used by most mining houses, in which a sublevel stoping geometry is chosen for a particular mining method. This page is about sublevel open stoping in south african gold mines, click here to get more infomation about sublevel open stoping in south african gold mines. Edumine design and application of sublevel stoping methods. Underground mining machinery glossary bibliography biographical sketches summary. Design and dimensioning of sublevel stoping for extraction. Description of mining methods shrinkage stoping shrinkage stoping is applicable to ore zones that are dipping at least 55 degrees and that range in width from roughly 1. Section 10 shrinkage methods mike turner australian. A long hole stoping system for mining narrow platinum reefs advantages of this mining method it allows for a low safety and health risk as well as improved working environment. Backfill practices for sublevel stoping system springerlink. Sublevel caving technique by partha d sharma issuu.
This course refers to the generic mining method of sublevel stoping. Mining now proceeds underground, underneath the open pit. Otto richter, principal consultant at snowden, says. Yamatomi encyclopedia of life support systems eolss underground mining methods and equipment s. Sublevel stoping sublevel stoping is a mining method in which ore is blasted from different levels of elevation but is removed from one level at the bottom of the mine. The mining method selected is determined by the size, shape, orientation and type of orebody to be mined. Underground mining machinery glossary bibliography biographical sketches summary the. Shrinkage stoping is a mining method used for steeply dipping, narrower ore bodies with self supporting walls and ore. Some pits operate at a rate of more than 100,000 tpd. Ventilation is the primary method of clearing hazardous gases andor dust which are created from drilling and blasting activity e. Design and dimensioning of sublevel stoping for extraction of. Shrinkage stoping ascending method of mining advantages and disadvantages vertical crater retreat stoping introduction application developmental sequence of stopes production how cratering works.